What are S3 storage classes, and how would you choose between them for a data lake?

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Amazon S3 offers multiple storage classes, each optimized for different use cases based on data access frequency, durability, availability, and cost. For a data lake, choosing the right storage class can significantly impact performance and cost-efficiency.

S3 Storage Classes Overview:

  1. S3 Standard

    • For frequently accessed data

    • High durability (99.999999999%) and availability (99.99%)

    • Use for active analytics or frequently queried data

  2. S3 Intelligent-Tiering

    • Automatically moves data between frequent and infrequent tiers based on usage

    • Ideal when access patterns are unknown or variable

    • Cost-effective with minimal overhead

  3. S3 Standard-IA (Infrequent Access)

    • Lower cost, but charged per retrieval

    • Best for data accessed less frequently but still needed quickly when requested

  4. S3 One Zone-IA

    • Similar to Standard-IA but stored in a single AZ (lower cost, less availability)

    • Use for non-critical, infrequently accessed data

  5. S3 Glacier

    • Low-cost storage for archive data with retrieval times from minutes to hours

    • Use for data rarely accessed but needed eventually (e.g., historical logs)

  6. S3 Glacier Deep Archive

    • Lowest-cost option, retrieval time up to 12 hours

    • For long-term retention and compliance archives

Choosing for a Data Lake:

  • Active data (frequently queried): Use S3 Standard or Intelligent-Tiering

  • Cold data (rarely accessed but still important): Use Standard-IA or Glacier

  • Archived data (compliance, long-term storage): Use Glacier Deep Archive

Intelligent-Tiering is often a great default for data lakes, as it balances cost and performance by auto-adjusting to usage patterns.

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